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calendar 日历功能
学习目标
- 理解日历的生成和显示
- 学会日期相关计算
- 掌握星期和月份操作
- 对比 JavaScript 日期处理
概览
| Python calendar | JavaScript | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
calendar() | 无直接对应 | 生成年日历 |
month() | 无直接对应 | 生成月日历 |
weekday() | getDay() | 获取星期几 |
isleap() | 手动计算 | 判断闰年 |
monthrange() | 无直接对应 | 月份天数信息 |
基础用法
显示日历
python
import calendar
# 打印某年某月的日历
print(calendar.month(2024, 12))
# December 2024
# Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
# 1
# 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
# ...
# 打印整年日历
print(calendar.calendar(2024))
# 设置每周起始日 (0=周一, 6=周日)
calendar.setfirstweekday(6) # 周日为第一天
print(calendar.month(2024, 12))javascript
// JavaScript 对比 - 无内置日历显示
// 需要手动实现或使用库
function printMonth(year, month) {
const date = new Date(year, month - 1, 1)
const daysInMonth = new Date(year, month, 0).getDate()
// 手动格式化...
}获取日历数据
python
import calendar
# 获取某月的日历数据 (二维列表)
cal = calendar.monthcalendar(2024, 12)
for week in cal:
print(week)
# [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1]
# [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
# ...
# 0 表示不属于该月的日期
# 获取某月的天数和首日星期
first_weekday, days_in_month = calendar.monthrange(2024, 12)
print(f"首日是星期 {first_weekday}") # 6 (周日，因为 0=周一)
print(f"该月有 {days_in_month} 天") # 31星期和日期
python
import calendar
# 获取某天是星期几 (0=周一, 6=周日)
weekday = calendar.weekday(2024, 12, 25)
print(weekday) # 2 (周三)
# 星期名称
print(calendar.day_name[weekday]) # Wednesday
print(calendar.day_abbr[weekday]) # Wed
# 月份名称
print(calendar.month_name[12]) # December
print(calendar.month_abbr[12]) # Dec
# 所有星期名称
print(list(calendar.day_name))
# ['Monday', 'Tuesday', 'Wednesday', 'Thursday', 'Friday', 'Saturday', 'Sunday']javascript
// JavaScript 对比
const date = new Date(2024, 11, 25)
const weekday = date.getDay() // 3 (0=周日)
const dayNames = ['Sunday', 'Monday', 'Tuesday', 'Wednesday', 'Thursday', 'Friday', 'Saturday']
console.log(dayNames[weekday]) // Wednesday闰年判断
python
import calendar
# 判断是否闰年
print(calendar.isleap(2024)) # True
print(calendar.isleap(2023)) # False
print(calendar.isleap(2100)) # False (整百年需被400整除)
print(calendar.isleap(2000)) # True
# 计算两年间的闰年数量
count = calendar.leapdays(2000, 2024)
print(f"2000-2024 间有 {count} 个闰年") # 6javascript
// JavaScript 对比 - 手动实现
function isLeap(year) {
return (year % 4 === 0 && year % 100 !== 0) || (year % 400 === 0)
}
console.log(isLeap(2024)) // trueCalendar 类
TextCalendar
python
import calendar
# 创建文本日历
cal = calendar.TextCalendar(firstweekday=0) # 周一起始
# 生成月份字符串
month_str = cal.formatmonth(2024, 12)
print(month_str)
# 生成年份字符串
year_str = cal.formatyear(2024)
print(year_str)
# 迭代某月的天数
for day in cal.itermonthdays(2024, 12):
if day != 0:
print(day, end=' ')
# 1 2 3 4 5 ... 31
# 迭代某月的 (weekday, day) 元组
for weekday, day in cal.itermonthdays2(2024, 12):
if day != 0:
print(f"星期{weekday}: {day}日")HTMLCalendar
python
import calendar
# 创建 HTML 日历
cal = calendar.HTMLCalendar(firstweekday=0)
# 生成月份 HTML
html = cal.formatmonth(2024, 12)
print(html)
# <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="month">
# <tr><th colspan="7" class="month">December 2024</th></tr>
# ...
# 生成整年 HTML
year_html = cal.formatyear(2024)
# 自定义样式
class StyledCalendar(calendar.HTMLCalendar):
def formatday(self, day, weekday):
if day == 0:
return '<td class="noday"> </td>'
if weekday in (5, 6): # 周末
return f'<td class="weekend">{day}</td>'
return f'<td class="weekday">{day}</td>'
styled_cal = StyledCalendar()
print(styled_cal.formatmonth(2024, 12))实际应用
计算指定日期
python
import calendar
from datetime import date
def get_nth_weekday(year, month, weekday, n):
"""获取某月第 n 个星期几的日期
Args:
year: 年份
month: 月份
weekday: 星期几 (0=周一, 6=周日)
n: 第几个 (负数表示倒数)
"""
cal = calendar.monthcalendar(year, month)
# 筛选出所有该星期的日期
days = [week[weekday] for week in cal if week[weekday] != 0]
if n > 0:
return date(year, month, days[n - 1])
else:
return date(year, month, days[n])
# 获取 2024 年 11 月第 4 个星期四 (感恩节)
thanksgiving = get_nth_weekday(2024, 11, 3, 4)
print(f"感恩节: {thanksgiving}") # 2024-11-28
# 获取某月最后一个星期五
last_friday = get_nth_weekday(2024, 12, 4, -1)
print(f"最后一个周五: {last_friday}")工作日计算
python
import calendar
from datetime import date, timedelta
def count_workdays(year, month):
"""计算某月的工作日数量"""
cal = calendar.monthcalendar(year, month)
workdays = 0
for week in cal:
for i, day in enumerate(week):
if day != 0 and i < 5: # 周一到周五
workdays += 1
return workdays
def add_workdays(start_date, days):
"""给日期添加工作日"""
current = start_date
added = 0
while added < days:
current += timedelta(days=1)
if current.weekday() < 5: # 周一到周五
added += 1
return current
# 计算 2024 年 12 月有多少个工作日
print(f"2024年12月工作日: {count_workdays(2024, 12)}")
# 从今天起算 10 个工作日后是哪天
today = date.today()
future = add_workdays(today, 10)
print(f"10 个工作日后: {future}")日历生成器
python
import calendar
from datetime import date
class CalendarGenerator:
"""日历生成器"""
def __init__(self, year, month):
self.year = year
self.month = month
self.cal = calendar.Calendar(firstweekday=0)
def get_weeks(self):
"""获取该月所有周的数据"""
weeks = []
for week in self.cal.monthdayscalendar(self.year, self.month):
week_data = []
for i, day in enumerate(week):
if day == 0:
week_data.append(None)
else:
d = date(self.year, self.month, day)
week_data.append({
'day': day,
'date': d,
'weekday': i,
'is_weekend': i >= 5,
'is_today': d == date.today()
})
weeks.append(week_data)
return weeks
def to_dict(self):
"""转换为字典格式"""
return {
'year': self.year,
'month': self.month,
'month_name': calendar.month_name[self.month],
'weeks': self.get_weeks(),
'prev_month': (self.year, self.month - 1) if self.month > 1 else (self.year - 1, 12),
'next_month': (self.year, self.month + 1) if self.month < 12 else (self.year + 1, 1)
}
# 使用
gen = CalendarGenerator(2024, 12)
data = gen.to_dict()
print(f"月份: {data['month_name']} {data['year']}")
for week in data['weeks']:
for day in week:
if day:
marker = '*' if day['is_today'] else ''
print(f"{day['day']:2}{marker}", end=' ')
else:
print(' ', end=' ')
print()事件日历
python
import calendar
from datetime import date
from collections import defaultdict
class EventCalendar:
"""带事件的日历"""
def __init__(self):
self.events = defaultdict(list)
def add_event(self, event_date, title, description=''):
"""添加事件"""
self.events[event_date].append({
'title': title,
'description': description
})
def get_events(self, event_date):
"""获取某天的事件"""
return self.events.get(event_date, [])
def get_month_view(self, year, month):
"""获取月视图数据"""
cal = calendar.Calendar()
month_data = []
for week in cal.monthdayscalendar(year, month):
week_data = []
for day in week:
if day == 0:
week_data.append({'day': None, 'events': []})
else:
d = date(year, month, day)
week_data.append({
'day': day,
'date': d,
'events': self.get_events(d)
})
month_data.append(week_data)
return month_data
def print_month(self, year, month):
"""打印带事件标记的月历"""
print(f"\n{calendar.month_name[month]} {year}")
print("Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su")
for week in self.get_month_view(year, month):
for day_data in week:
if day_data['day'] is None:
print(' ', end=' ')
elif day_data['events']:
print(f"{day_data['day']:2}*", end='')
else:
print(f"{day_data['day']:2} ", end='')
print()
# 使用
ecal = EventCalendar()
ecal.add_event(date(2024, 12, 25), "圣诞节", "Merry Christmas!")
ecal.add_event(date(2024, 12, 31), "跨年", "New Year's Eve")
ecal.add_event(date(2024, 12, 31), "年度总结", "Annual Review")
ecal.print_month(2024, 12)
# 查看某天事件
events = ecal.get_events(date(2024, 12, 31))
for event in events:
print(f"- {event['title']}: {event['description']}")日期范围生成
python
import calendar
from datetime import date, timedelta
def date_range(start, end):
"""生成日期范围"""
current = start
while current <= end:
yield current
current += timedelta(days=1)
def month_range(year, month):
"""生成某月的所有日期"""
_, days = calendar.monthrange(year, month)
return date_range(date(year, month, 1), date(year, month, days))
def year_months(year):
"""生成某年所有月份的 (year, month) 元组"""
for month in range(1, 13):
yield year, month
# 使用
print("2024年12月所有日期:")
for d in month_range(2024, 12):
print(d)
print("\n2024年所有月份:")
for year, month in year_months(2024):
print(f"{year}-{month:02d}")与 JavaScript 的主要差异
| 特性 | Python calendar | JavaScript |
|---|---|---|
| 日历生成 | 内置支持 | 需手动实现 |
| 星期起始 | 可配置 (默认周一) | 固定周日 |
| 星期索引 | 0-6 (周一=0) | 0-6 (周日=0) |
| 闰年判断 | isleap() | 需手动实现 |
| HTML 日历 | 内置支持 | 需使用库 |
总结
日历显示:
month(): 月份文本calendar(): 年份文本HTMLCalendar: HTML 格式
日期信息:
monthrange(): 月份首日星期和天数weekday(): 获取星期几isleap(): 判断闰年
数据获取:
monthcalendar(): 月份二维列表itermonthdays(): 迭代月份天数day_name/month_name: 名称列表
最佳实践
- 日历显示用
calendar模块 - 日期计算用
datetime模块 - 需要 HTML 输出用
HTMLCalendar - 复杂日期操作考虑
dateutil库
相关模块
datetime- 日期时间处理time- 时间函数dateutil- 日期工具扩展